The conversion of waste which are obtained from agricultural processes into biomaterials employed in medical surgery could be a key approach that may add more value in waste utilization. This approach has successfully turned the rather untransformed wastes into high value products. Eggshell is an agricultural waste largely considered as useless. This waste has potential for producing hydroxyapatite, a serious component found in bone and teeth. Hydroxyapatite is a wonderful material utilized in bone repair and tissue regeneration. the employment of eggshell to get hydroxyapatite will reduce the pollution effect of the waste and therefore the subsequent conversion of the waste into a highly valuable product.
Eggshell is a commonly used biomaterial in nature. Its a fabric often accustomed to treat potential waste because its a by-product of the food industry and is taken into account as a waste after the egg production. A fresh eggshell consists of a typical three-layered form; the foamy cuticle on the outer surface resembles ceramics; a spongy middle layer; the inner layer consists of lamellar layers along with the membrane, the eggshell represents 11% of the whole egg weight, and its major component is calcite CaCO3 (94%). The remaining components include MgCO3 (1%), Ca3 (PO4 )2 (1%), and organic matter. Its characterized by an unique microstructure and has very interesting application potential . Despite its abundant application, the fabric isn’t being employed adequately within the industry.
There are several methods for the production of eggshell based hydroxyapatite. One of these methods is the hydrothermal method. Hydrothermal method is the most widely reported method of HAp production from eggshell. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is produced through the hydrothermal conversion of agro-industry byproducts (eggshells). Commercial calcium dibasic phosphate (CaHPO4.2H2O) and lime (CaO), obtained from direct calcining of the eggshells, were the reactants in the synthesis scheme employed. X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscopy confirmed the HAp as the main phase present in the final products.
With this development, eggshell waste has made a major contribution to the production of biomaterials used in medical applications. Its use will help in providing solutions to problems usually encountered as a result of the damages and injuries related to bones and teeth which reduced medical cost and lessened environmental impact.